◎ photo credit: John Pozadzides via photopin cc |
飛機在高空飛行時,除了引擎聲、機體震動、長途時差之外,客艙內相較於地面的低氣壓及低濕度也是會對人體產生影響,因此調節客艙氣壓、溫度、濕度及換氣的空調系統很重要。
氣壓及溫度部分,在飛機巡航約1萬公尺的高度時,氣壓僅有地面的五分之一,因此飛機必須具備調節氣壓的功能。飛行中,引擎會吸取外部空氣並加溫加壓,調節出適切的溫度送進機艙內。飛機機身後下方或是中央左側會有一個放氣閥(Outflow Valve),藉由放氣閥的開口調整機內氣壓高低。一般多會將艙內氣壓調整到海拔2400公尺左右的氣壓。
濕度部分,由於艙內空氣是吸取艙外原本濕度就很低的高空空氣。這對於怕鏽的金屬製機體來說是優點,但對於搭乘的旅客來說,卻容易造成眼、鼻、喉部的乾燥不舒適。因此這也是為什麼大家都會建議在搭飛機時要多攝取水分,可以換上拖鞋及舒適的運動服減輕浮腫,戴上口罩也讓喉嚨較為舒適。
換氣部分,現代飛機上的空氣,是由回收循環的空氣以及外界的新鮮空氣所組成。飛機具有良好的通風換氣系統,客艙每2-3分鐘會更換一次空氣,每小時更換20-30次,遠比辦公室、電影院的頻率高出許多。新鮮空氣經由機艙天花板送入機艙,經由地板兩側排出,匯流到機艙後段再經壓力調節閥排出機外。因此機艙內的空氣是上下流動,非前後流動;飛機的高效過濾器(HEPA)能夠有效捕獲3奈米~10微米的顆粒,降低病菌在機艙內的擴散。
隨著航太科技的進步,搭機的舒適度也會有所改善。例如波音787的空調有別於其它機型,是運用電子壓縮機來製造空氣,且由於機身結構運用大量複合材料,強度增加可讓機艙內的氣壓高度降至約海拔1800公尺高的程度。此外還搭載了能維持機艙內濕度的裝置,提升乘客的飛航舒適品質。✈
關於飛機空調的常見問題:
Q1:為什麼有次搭飛機看到冷氣口一直噴出白煙?消毒水嗎?還是有芳香作用呢?
A2:當室內溫度和濕度較高時,冷氣製冷會吹出霧氣。這是由於空氣中的水蒸氣被冷卻所引起的。當室內溫度和濕度降低後則霧氣會消失。這屬於正常現象。
Q1:為什麼有次搭飛機看到冷氣口一直噴出白煙?消毒水嗎?還是有芳香作用呢?
A2:當室內溫度和濕度較高時,冷氣製冷會吹出霧氣。這是由於空氣中的水蒸氣被冷卻所引起的。當室內溫度和濕度降低後則霧氣會消失。這屬於正常現象。
Q2:為什麼飛機上的空調都開得這麼冷?
A2:飛機上的低溫並不是隨意設定的,而是出於多重考量。其中一個主要原因是防止脫水。因為在巡航高度的空氣較乾燥,乘客更容易脫水,這可能導致頭痛、暈眩、肌肉痙攣和虛弱,較低的機艙溫度有助於減少這種影響,減少水分流失,降低脫水風險。其次,較低的機艙溫度還可以降低乘客在飛行中感染疾病的風險,通過減少空氣中的水分和使用強大的空調系統去除微生物,減少傳播。保持機艙低溫也有助於減少亂流期間的暈機症狀。
-
Introduction to Airplane Air Conditioning Systems
Have you ever wondered how airplanes keep you cool and comfortable at high altitudes? It's all thanks to a sophisticated air conditioning system.Controlling Air Pressure and Temperature:
When a plane is cruising at around 30,000 feet, the air pressure is much lower than on the ground. To make passengers feel comfortable, the plane adjusts the air pressure inside. The engines draw in outside air, heat it up, and pressurize it before sending it into the cabin. The plane also has a valve to release excess air, keeping the cabin pressure similar to being at around 8,000 feet above sea level.
Managing Humidity:
Because the air outside the plane is very dry, the air inside can also be quite dry. This can make your eyes, nose, and throat feel uncomfortable. That's why it's important to stay hydrated during flights.
Fresh Air and Filtration:
Airplanes have excellent ventilation systems. The air inside the cabin is a mix of recycled air and fresh air from outside. The air is changed every few minutes, and special filters remove tiny particles like germs.
Modern Improvements:
Newer planes like the Boeing 787 have even more advanced air conditioning systems. They can maintain higher humidity levels and lower cabin pressures, making flights even more comfortable.
Common Questions:
Q1: Why does the air conditioner sometimes produce white smoke?
A1: This is usually just water vapor from the cold air.
Q2: Why is the air conditioning so cold on planes?
A2: Keeping the cabin cool helps prevent dehydration and reduces the risk of getting sick.